Preventing Cancer

Tobacco is one of the biggest preventable causes of cancer, including lung, mouth, throat and bladder cancer. Avoid smoking, chewing tobacco and shisha, and keep homes and cars smoke-free. It is never too late to quit — ask a health worker for support.

Alcohol raises the risk of several cancers, including breast, liver, mouth and bowel cancer. The less you drink, the lower the risk. Not drinking is safest.

• Eat plenty of vegetables, fruits, beans and whole grains.
• Limit processed and red meats, sugary drinks and very salty or fried foods.
• Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate activity each week — brisk walking counts.

Excess body weight is linked to several cancers, including breast (after menopause), womb, bowel and kidney cancer. Balanced eating and regular activity help keep weight in a healthy range.

HPV vaccine protects against the virus that causes most cervical cancers. Nigeria introduced the HPV vaccine into its routine immunisation programme for girls aged 9–14 in 2023.

Hepatitis B vaccine protects against hepatitis B infection, a major cause of liver cancer. It is part of routine childhood immunisation; adults can ask a health worker about testing and vaccination.

• Use protective equipment when working with chemicals, dust, fuels or pesticides.
• Reduce indoor smoke from cooking with firewood or charcoal; ventilate cooking areas.
• Protect your skin from strong sun, especially if you have albinism.
• Avoid skin-bleaching products that contain harmful substances.

Screening looks for cancer, or changes that could become cancer, in people with no symptoms. Which tests are right for you depends on your age, sex, history and local guidelines. Examples include:

• Cervical screening (HPV test or Pap smear) for women
• Breast checks — clinical breast examination and mammography where recommended
• Bowel (colorectal) screening for older adults
• Discussing prostate checks with a doctor for men, especially from middle age

Early detection also means noticing changes and acting on them. If you notice a lump, unusual bleeding, a lasting cough, unexplained weight loss or any symptom that does not go away, see a doctor promptly. See possible signs and symptoms.